Всеволод Михайлович Абрамович родился в Одессе 11 августа 1890г.
После школы закончил Шарлоттенбергский политехнический институт в Германии.
9 октября 1911г. получил диплом пилота No122.
Работал в Flugmaschinen Wright-Gesellschaft в Иоганнистале.
Модернизировал самолеты Райт. В 1911г. изобрел прибор для определения
воздушной скорости. С 1911г - шеф-пилот Общества Райт.
Установил много рекордов. Погиб 24 апреля 1913г.
Alekseev, Semen Michaloivitch (born 1909)
soviet aviaconstructor. Graduated from MAI (1937). Worked in Tupolev, Chizhevskii
and Lavochkin OKB. Participated in development of LaGG-3, La-5, La-5FN,
La-7, La-9. In 1946-48 chief designer in OKB 21 in Gorkii where under his
leadership were build experimental heavy fighters I-211, I-212 and I-215. Worked
in TsAGI and in OKB-1 in Kimry. In 1952-73 supervised development of
air-refueling systems, systems of rescue and life support for spacecraft.
I-211 - Twin-engined jet fighter. 1947.
The I-211 was similar to the Gloster Meteor: It used twin engines,
a mid-wing nacelles. It was underpowered, also because the TR-1 engines
never delivered the expected thrust. Abandoned in favour of the I-215.
One built.
I-212 - Two-seat version of the I-215, powered by Rolls-Royce Nene engines. Never flown.
I-215 - The I-215 was a modification of the I-211 with imported
Rolls Royce Derwent engines. Because of the engine installation in mid-wing
nacelles, this could be done fairly easily. After some redesign to strengthen
the wing, the I-215D was accepted for production. However, the Alexeev bureau
was disbanded for political reasons, and the I-215 abandoned.
Arhangelskii, Alexandr Alexandrovitch (1892-1978)
designer, doctor of technical sciences. Graduated from MVTU (1918). During his
studies worked at aerodynamic lab headed by Zhukovskii. 1918-36 worked at
TsAGI. Jointly with Stechkin B. S. Designed and build several aerosleds ARBES.
After establishment of aircraft KB of Tupolev at TsAGI, participated in all ANT
designs. In 1932 appointed as a chief of the dept. of speed-aircraft. Leading
designer of the first soviet bomber ANT-40 (SB) and its transport development
PS-35. From 1936 head of KB and responsible for large scale production of SB.
Chief designer of Ar-2 and B. In 1941 Arhangelskii KB rejoins Tupolev KB. From
1947 first deputy chief designer.
LIG-7/RK/RK-M-11 («Razdvizhnoe Krylo») -
his was one of the weirdest aircraft ever to be flown. The was a conventional
monoplane except for its telescoping wing (so M-11 engine). Flown in 1937.
LIG-8 -
RK-I («Razdvizhnoe Krylo - Istrebitel») -
RK-1 («Razdvizhnoe Krylo») -
This was an attempt to develop a fighter with the telescoping wing
(so RK). The RK-I used two narrow wings in a tandem-wing arrangment;
the telescopic wing 'glove' did not cover the control surfaces on the
trailing edge of the rear wing. Tail and fuselage were clean and fairly
conventional. Built but never flown. Intended for a VK-106 engine. 1940.
DB-LK - "Dalnij Bombardirowschik - Letaushee Krylo". 1940. No production.
The DB-LK was a flying wing with a conventional tail unit fitted to the
center of the trailing edge. It had twin fuselages, engine in the front,
a cockpit and a glazed rear end for a gunner.
Bereznyak Alexander Yakovlevitch (1912-1974)
Aircraft designer, doctor of technical sciences. After graduation from MAI (1938)
worked in Bolkhovitinov OKB, where together with Isaev designed first soviet rocket
fighter BI (1942). From 1957 chief designer.
BI-1 20.5K -
World's first rocket fighter Bereznyak-Isaev BI (1942),
a small straight-wing aircraft.
Eight built. It flew earlier than notorious Me-163 Komet.
Although not as advanced, it had impressive performance and armament.
The BI was the world's first rocket-engined fighter, but production was
cancelled after a crash revealed serious handling problems. One was fitted
with ramjet engines in an attempt to extend the range.
More: 1 70.4K.
BI-7 - serial (20..25 units) version. mostly similar to BI-1.
B-5 - Experimental rocket-engined aircraft.
The B-5 had a bullet-shaped fuselage and swept wings.
SK/SK-1 (Skorostnoj) - High-speed research aircraft.
The streamlining of the small SK-1 went as far as making the cockpit
flush with the top of the fuselage; the pilot's seat could be raised for
take-off and landing. No production. 1939.
SK-2 - Fighter development of the SK-1, with a normal cockpit aft of
the wing. No production. 1940.
В.П.Бутузов родился в Санкт-Петербурге в 1846г.
Моряк до 1880г. С 1882г. жил в Чикаго.
Первый планер построил в 1889г.
В 1896г. построил планер «Альбатрос» (первый полет 15 сентября).
Voisin 1 -
Voisin built a long series (1 to 10) of pusher biplanes with four-wheel landing
gear and streamlined nacelles. They were in use throughout WWI, and over 3500
were built. The Voisin 1 was the first aircraft to shoot down another, a German
Aviatik biplane on 5 oktober 1914, but they were used mostly as bombers. The
machine gun of Voisin 1 was replaced by 37mm or 47mm cannon in later versions.
SRB (Skorostnoj Razvedchik-Bombardirovschik) -
High-speed recco-bomber.
From fall'39 to 1940 the brigade of A.P.Golubkov was developing the SRB.
Two models were built (for different engines). Abandoned.
Golubkov's OKB were targeted to adaptation of B-25 and DC-3. Later it was
joined to Tupolev's OKB and took part in Tu-104 construction.
SRB is an ANT-XX (where XX is 54, 55, or 56).
105 - Also referred to as the 'LaGG-3 Light'. It was a development of the
LaGG-3 with a redesigned wing and a cut-down aft fuselage; empty
weight was reduced by 300kg. The production of the superior La-5
halted its development.
LaG-5 - 1942. This was Gorbunov's attempt at reengining the LaGG-3 with
the ASh-82 engine. (There were large stocks of this engine, hence the
choice of the trio for it.) The LaG-5 was accepted, but never entered
production, because the La-5 was superior.
Gu-1 - Single-seat fighter of similar concept as the Bell P-39,
i.e. with the engine behind the pilot. The engine was delayed and the
aircraft was overweight. It crashed on its first flight, and the type was
abandoned. 1942.
Gu-82 - This was the attempt of Goudkov, one of the designers of the
LaGG-3, to reengine the LaGG-3 with the Shvetsov ASh-82 engine. It was
abandoned even before its first flight, because the Lavochkin La-5 was
already in production. One built. 1942.
Er-2 -
This almost unknown bomber took part in some nocturnal attacks on Berlin.
It originated as a derivative of the «Stal-7» (STEEL-7) transport designed
by Bartini. The Yer-2 was a gull-winged aircraft, with
the engines and landing gear nacelles fitted at the crank in the wing;
it had twin tailfins. Around 320 were built.
Er-2 production -
Er-2-ACh-30B -
Er-2-ACh-30BF -
Er-2ON (Osobogo Naznacheniya) -
Er-2 carrier -
Er-4 - Development of the Yer-2 with ACh-30BF diesel engines. One built.
N.E.Zhukovski was born in 1842 in Orekhovo, near Vladimir, Russia (museum now).
He has graduated the 4-th Moscow Gimnasium (the Pashkov House).
Moscow State University was graduated in 1862.
Works in maths, theretic mechanics, astronomy, hydraulics.
Works in aviation since 1879 initiated by Mendeleev, the chemistry prof.
He became famous in 1888 for his works on moscow water supply system.
The "nesterov loop" predicted (executed by Peter Nesterov in 1913).
Chief of Aerodynamics Institute 1904..1906.
Works in TsAGI along with academitian Chaplygin.
He has established the aerodynamic labs in MVTU (Tupolev, Arkhangelski, Yuriev, etc).
The title of "The Father of the Russian Aviation" was assigned in 1917 by
the rector of Moscow State University.
Zhukovski dead in Moscow (now Zhukovski street, 8).
K-7 -
Designation K-7 was originally assigned to project of 3-engined 22-seat
transport (aka the K-Tjazholij, K-Heavy). When this project was abandoned,
the K-7 became an experimental heavy bomber.
Basically it was an enormous, thick (mechanics were able to walk to engines
during the flight), elliptical flying wing design, with twin tail booms, a
nacelle protruding from the leading edge, and six-wheeled landing gear -
each three wheels enclosed in enormous fairings, that contined also 2
gunner positions each and the entrance stair. Defences were arranged so
that any direction was covered by at least three gunners.
There was an option to carry 8,4 tonn tank (or other equipment to be
parashuted) between main gears and 112 paratrupers.
First test flights were successfull, but later the single prototype crushed
during maximum speed test. Cause of crash was unfamous "flatter"... But it
was unknown at the moment. 1933.
Crew: 19; Engines: 7*750hp Mikulin AM-34; Weight: Empty 21,000kg Maximum 40,000kg;
Wingspan: 53m; Wing Area: 452m2; Length: 28m; Speed on the ground level: 234km/h;
Ceiling: 5500m; Range: 2400km with 6,000kg bombs, 5000km in passenger version;
Takeoff/Landing roll: 400m/300m; Bombs: 9,900...16,600kg; Defnence: up to 12 positions
8*g20mm + 8*mg7.62mm; Passenger version: 128 seats.
More: picture (216K),
article.
K-12 -
Tailless bomber prototype. Two 480hp M-22. No production. 1936.
Kasyanenko-5 -
Experimental fighter biplane. The propeller was fitted at the extreme tail,
behind the tail surfaces, and driven by a long shaft by the engine, which was
installed in the mid-fuselage. Development was abandoned after the prototype
was damaged. One built. One 100hp Gnome Monosoupape. 1917.
PS (invisible aircraft) - converted from AIR-4.
The aircraft was covered with transparent "rodoid" (french organic glass).
Opaque parts was painted white and/or covered with mirror-like
amalgama under the "rodoid". The result was _almost_ invisible in flight aircraft.
project cancelled. 1935.
LL - (Kurchewski-Lavochkin) -
A fast single-seat fighter. The cocpit was flush with the top of the fuselage,
and the pilot was provided with a periscope! The air force critisized this
design feature rather sharply. The project was cancelled later.
DI-4 -
Two-seat fighter. The DI-4 was a high-wing monoplane, with a gull wing and twin
tail fins. It had much better performance than the DI-3 biplane, but the
monoplane design was viewed with some suspicion.
"Aerodromic machine" -
The first lifting model of helicopter ever built.
First "presentated" on 04-Mar-1754 at a session of the Russian Academy of Science.
It was intended to lift up some lightweight
meteorological devices. The model has shown up to 10 gramms of lifting power.
It was equipped with an engine made of a hour-clock mechanizm.
Борис Григорьевич Луцкий родился в 1865г. в селе Андреевка под Бердянском.
Учился в гимназии в Севастополе, затем - в Мюнхенском политехническом
институте (с 1882). Работал в автомобильной промышленности Германии.
Создавал корабельные двигатели.
Первый самолет построил в 1909г (первый полет 9-го или 10-го Марта
1910г.; два мотора Даймлер D4F; биплан; три пропеллера; скорость - до 90км/ч).
Первый в мире двухмоторный самолет.
В 1912 - второй самолет. Два мотора Аргус по 100лс работали на два
соосных пропеллера (передний - 2.5м, 1300об/м; задния - 3м, 800об/м);
мог лететь на одном моторе; предусматривалась [не реализована]
возможность реверса тяги. Первый полет - 24 февраля 1912. Скорость - до
150км/ч. Высота - 60..70м. Биплан. Первый в мире самолет с соосными винтами.
В 1913 - третий. Двухместный моноплан. Размах - 13.5м. Длина - 11м.
Один двигатель Луцкого, 150лс, 6 цилиндров, водяное охлаждение, расход -
214г/лс.ч. Скорость - 137км/ч. Скороподъемность - 1125м за 7.5мин.
9 октября 1913 перевез из Иоганнисталя в Берлин и обратно ~500кг груза.
Арестован по обвинению в шпионаже в пользу России. Освобожден только после
войны. Умер в 1920г.
SAM-6 -
The SAM-6 was built to test a single-wheel landing gear. It was
configurationally similar to the SAM-7, but had a conventional tail unit and
was much smaller, with a 65hp engine.
SAM-7/«Sigma» -
The SAM-7 was a tailless fighter. It had a straight-tapered, unswept wing. At the
wingtips large endplates with rudders were fitted. The second crew member sat at
the extrme tail. One built. One 750hp Mikulin M-34. 1936.
SAM-11 -
SAM-11bis -
SAM-13 -
A twin-engined push/pull fighter with twin tail booms. The SAM-13 was probably
inspired by the Dutch Fokker D-XXIII. The tail unit was unconventional: a single
fin was fitted on the center of the tailplane. One built.
Two 236hp Renault MV-6(?). 1940(?).
Torpedo -
Two-seat monoplane fighter with a wooden monococque fuselage, the first such
aircraft built in Russia. One 110hp Le Rhone 9J. One built. 1917.
I-21/IP-21 -
The I-21 was intended as a replacement for the ageing I-16, but handling and
especially landing characteristics were far from satisfactory.
One 1050hp Klimov M-105P. Five built. 1940.
...
Hi was a chief of production of Pe-2 and made a lot of enhancements.
Replaced by V.M.Myasischev.
Chief of the Perspective Projects Group at TsAGI since autumn 1943.
(Triangle wings and aircrafts. The group existed until 1948.) He continued
his work as a professor of VVIA at the department of aircraft construction
(Bolkhovitinov's dept.). Returned to Tupolev's OKB in 1954.
I-220/IS («Iosif Stalin») -
One of the most laughable aircraft ever built in Russia. The IS was a low-wing
monoplane fighter of mixed construction. It was found out that, due to a
'miscalculation' the undercarriage wouldn't fit in the wheel wells, so it was
shortened. Then the propeller had to be cropped to achieve ground clearance. The
test pilot managed to get it up to 300m and land safely, then declared it
unflyable. One 1100hp Tumansky M-88. 1939.
M.M.Strukov was born 29-Jan-1883 in Ekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk).
construction engineer. russian officer.
immigrated to U.S.A. in 1920 (american since 1938).
sport glider construction. 30-Oct-1943 Chais Aircraft Company established.
M.L.Gregorashvili became the vice chief engineer.
staffers: V.N.Seredinski, A.Anchurin, P.Protasov.
Strukoff Aircraft Corporation established in Sep-1953.
Company was killed by Lockhead C-130 in 1957.
M.M.Strukov dead 23-Dec-1974. RIP at Woodlone in Bronks, New-York.
XCG-14 - transport glider. autumn 1944. first flown in Jan-1945. one built.
XCG-14A "Avitruck" - transport glider. first flown 16-Oct-1945. one built.
XCG-18A "Avitruck" - transport glider. two built. 1947.
XCG-20 - transport glider. 1946-1956.
YC-122/MS-7 "Avitruck" - transport airplane version of XCG-18A. two P&W R-2000-11. 5 built. 1948-1949.
YC-122C - development of MS-7. 1948. 9 built.
XC-123/MS-8/C-123B "Avitruck" - airplane version of XCG-20. 1949-1953.
TA-1/OKO-6 -
Twin-engined escort figher. The TA-1 was a compact monoplane of mixed
construction. The second prototype (TA-1bis) had twin tailfins to cure a
directional stability problem. Development was continued as the Ta-3.
Two 1100hp Tumansky M-88R. 1940.
OKO-6bis - 1940.
TA-3/OKO-7 -
The TA-3 was based on the Ta-1, but with a larger wing and heavy cannon
armament. Performance was good, but production plans were cancelled because of
the difficult military situation in 1942. Two 1150hp M-89. 1941.
"Aeromobile" -
Top secret military helicopter project. 1909. Unsuccessful, cancelled.
Russian defence ministry refused any helicopter programs since that event.
Tereshchenko 7 -
Two-seat reconaissance fighter. The Tereshchenko No. 7 had side-by-side
seating, was of wooden construction with fabric covering, and had slightly
sweptback biplane wings. One 100hp Gnome Monosoupape. One built. 1916.
302P -
The 302P was a straight-wing aircraft of conventional layout, but powered by a
rocket engine (3100lb RD-1400) in the tail and two ramjets beneath the wings.
Only flown as a glider. 1943.
I-110/«110» -
Thomashevich was detained after the death of test pilot and national hero Valeri
Chkalov in the test flight accedante with I-180 fighter, in 1938. In 1942 his
detainee design bureau produced the I-110, a monoplane fighter of mixed
contrsuction, optimized for mass production by unskilled labour. But in 1942
there already were some succesful fighters in production, and the I-110
remained a prototype. One 1650hp Klimov M-107A. 1942.
I-180 -
Design for a monoplane fighter, powered by the M-87 radial engine. During test
flights in 1938 plane crushed, killing national hero test pilot Valeri Chkalov.
There is a lot of contraversy around this story. What is clear that shortly
after takeoff engine started to loose power and plane hit the roof of a building.
Pilot was thrown from the cocpite and could survive (altitude was low and the
plane was almost gliding), but neck (or head) wound turned deadly.
Some articles pointed that access of cooling air to engine remained blocked
after engine start and plane takeoff, what caused deadly overheat. Despite most
clues pointed on ground crew negligence - general designer Tomashevich was
blamed im terrorism and detained.
I-180 was abandoned in favour of a development of the I-16, also called I-180(?).
4302 - Rocket-powered research aircraft. The 4302 had a fat fuselage and
a thick wing; it was obviously not intended for high-speed trails. Flown
only a few times. Three built. 1946.
I-207/«Izdelie 7/No1» -
The I-207 was the smallest possible biplane fighter. Two prototypes and four
pre-series aircraft were built, the pre-series aircraft with a retractable
undercarriage. The I-207 was soon made obsolete by more advanced aircraft,
but some saw combat against Finland.
Prof. Fridman A.A. with pilot
Fedoseenko P.F. have set the all-union altitude record (7400m) in 1925 on a
stratospheric balloon. The flight was semi-successful due to an explosion
of oxigen tank. The previous russian record was set in 1910 by Rynin N.A.
(6400m)
LL -
Research aircraft with forward swept wings. The LL had a streamlined Bell X-1
like fuselage and swept tail surfaces. It seems to have been intended to fit
it with a rocket engine, but it is not sure whether this was ever done.
R-020/RSR 8.8K -
This was a design for a reconaissance jet that would fly at Mach 2.8 at over
30500m. It had a slender fuselage of circular cross-section, and a very thin
delta wing with engines on the wing tips. Only the smaller NM-1 technology
demonstrator was built and flown.
NM-1 -
strategic reconnaissance plane prototype. In 1953 Pavel V. Tsybin at the
Letno-Ispytatel'nyi Institute (LII) at Zhukovskii started development of RSR
(reactivnyi strategicheskii razvedchik) capable of Mach 2.8 flight at altitudes
around 100,000 ft. The design was optimized for light weight, low drag and
large fuel capacity. Aircraft had a long fuselage, thin trapezoidal wing, and
the engines mounted at the wingtips. RSR had only one landing gear ala U-2.
Two outriggers were fitted under engine nacelles and a support unit was placed
under the tail. Somewhat less capable subscale technology demonstrator was build
and flown in 1959-1960. NM-1 had a skid landing gear and jettisonable main skid
wheels for take off and low-drag retractable cockpit. Aircraft had a poor
handling characteristics at low speed (like other supersonic a/c of that time)
and after completion of the tests by the end of 1960, the RSR project was
canceled. The failure to develop the turboramjet for RSR was one of the reasons.
Ts-25 [Type-25] -
cargo glider; later the NATO Reporting Name 'Mist' was assigned; sometimes also
reported as 'KZ-20'; first seen 1949 Soviet Aviation Day, Tushino.
Fighter-pilot of WWI, full member of St.George, pilot-instructor, engineer of TsAGI,
chief of Section of Special Constructions (helicopters) of TsAGI (32 year old),
dr. of technical sciences, chief robustness engineer of Tupolev's KB,
professor.
These men are students of Cheremukhin: Makarevskij A.I., Yakovlev A.S.,
Lavochkin S.A., Shishkin S.N., Bratukhin I.P., Romashevskij A.Yu.
TsAGI-1-EA -
This helicopter, flown by the author, was lifted up 14-Aug-1932 and reached
the altitude of 605 meters, covering the world record for 33.5 times. It was
the world first actual flight of a human in a helicopter.
You may see the barogram of the famous
flight.
"Vozdukhoplavatel" -
Helicopter project. Rotating parachute was used instead of screw to make the
machine to lift and to allow safe landing when stopped. Reported in 1890.
Vladimir A. Chizhevskii was a Director of the BOK (buro osobikh
konstruktsii) OKB for experemental aircraft. This team, concentrated mostly
on unusial and record-setting designs, included also deputy N. N. Kashtanov,
constructors Kamov, Sukhoi, Skrzhinskii, Cheryanovskii, Krichyevskii. Opened
1 January, 1931. BOK merged into Sukhoi OKB in 1940 after arrest of
Chizhyevskii. Chizhevskii joined Tupolev in 1949.
BOK-1/SS (Stratosfernyj Samolet, first soviet «stratoplan») -
BOK-2 (RK, «Razreznoe Krylo») -
BOK-5 - simple tailess single-seater glider,
powered by one 100-hp M-11 engine. Flights started in summer 1937.
Sche-2/TS-1 (Transportnyj Samolet) -
A twin-engined, high-winged transport, well streamlined but with fixed landing
gear. Two 150hp M-11E. Approx 750 built. 1942.
Pupil of Zhukovski, friend of Sikorski, "praporschik" of tsar's army.
The first helicopter was built in collaboration with G.Kh.Sabinin at
the Moscow High Technical Scool in 1911. It was shown at International
Moscow Exhibition of Aeronautics and Automotion in 1912. Graduated Moscow
High Technical Scool after WWI. Worked in TsAGI.
Actually the scheme was invented by Nezhdanovski in 1895, but never published.
The priority of Nezhdanovski was established by A.I.Yakovlev in 1959 after
the search of Nezhdanovski's daily record books. Unlike Nezhdanovski, Yuryev
has published the scheme in 1909 before the helicopter been built.
A.N.Tupolev took part in the work on the
helicopter as a student.
Later Sikorski developed the scheme a lot, but at that time he had different
point ov view on such things attempting to build coaxis helos.
helicopter -
Never flown, but established the scheme of the single screw helicopter.
The very first main screw control mechanizm was invented. B.N.Yuryev was 23
years old at that moment. 1911.
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